Friday, January 12, 2007

Just How Much Do You Know About the Fossil Record?



During a discussion with an atheist, I made an off-handed remark that the theory of evolution was full of holes. They asked me to prove it and, unfortunately, it had been some time since I had actually studied it, so they challenged me to do some research into evolution. I agreed, and here's what I discovered during my search: Science has not failed us, but the scientific community has.

Let me ask you, how much you really know about the fossil record? Are you basing your faith in evolution as the origin of the species on this evidence? Here's the site I visited:

29+Evidences

The evidences I saw were quite impressive at first glance. Then I started asking questions--questions like:
So, does the collected evidence support the conclusions being drawn by whoever put this site together?
How might someone like me determine that the experiments were performed correctly or by qualified people?
What evidences are still missing that would be necessary to draw the conclusions the scientific community is pushing?
Has the scientific evidence been taken for what it is or pushed into a preconceived mold?

Frankly, the answers to these questions cast a very dim light on these "evidences". The scientific data that has been gathered was so full of holes, it was laughable. They are drawing very distinct conclusions based on the teeniest shreds of data. In fact, none of it answers any questions--it just brings up new ones. Well, I take that back--It did answer one question for me. It showed me that to believe that all of the universe, our world, our plants, our animals and humanity sprung out of nothing--or even out of random energy patterns--is just as much of a faith system as it is to believe that an intelligent God made it all. The scientific community touts, "We don't have all the answers yet, but one day we will." Do you believe them? Or, could it be possible that God is still saying, "I AM the answer."

So, what are the holes, you ask? Here’s a closer look:

Again, at first glance it is quite impressive. “Wow!”, one might think. “We really did evolve from monkeys, after all!” But, since we’re adults now and able to do some digging for ourselves, let’s do. What we are looking at is a collection of skulls that are purported to be examples of transitional forms linking chimpanzee to humans (i.e. evidence that humans evolved from a chimpanzee-like creature). Based only on what this site said, here are a few of the holes I discovered. (The quotes were taken directly from the site mentioned.):

Skull A: A normal chimpanzee as we know them today.

Skulls B & C:
"In all, A. africanus is an enigma to paleoanthropology. Researchers are still
unsure about where A. africanus came from and which species, if any, it led to."

Skull D:
"The ER 1813 fossil is somewhat skewed on its left side, a result of the
pressures the skull experienced during the fossilization process…"

Skull E:
"The cranium was found crushed flat (hence the nickname) and cemented together
with a coating of limestone. Little value was placed on the find originally, but
after much effort, the skull was reconstructed. Despite this effort, there still
is a good deal of distortion from the fossilization process."

Skull F:

"The fossil was shown to Louis only several days before his death. But Richard
Leakey, leader of the expedition which uncovered the skull, refused to firmly
place ER 1470 into a species, listing it only as "Homo sp." or "genus Homo, but
species indeterminate." "

Skull G: Unfortunately, I didn’t have access to this item. Apparently, I had to pay $10 for a 24 hour pass to even look at it. Why? Isn’t this supposed to be public info?

Skull H:

"…ER 3733 represents a mature female of the early human species…"

My comment:
Apparently, this is the only thing available from the entire skeleton (as may be true for all of these skulls), and this is considered human. Whoa! Quite a big jump, wouldn’t you say? We’re going from “I don’t have a clue what this species is or even if it led to anything else,” to “this is an early human.” How can they possibly be sure?

Skull I:

"The braincase profile is low and slopes back from a large supraorbital torus
reminiscent of earlier H. erectus specimens."

My question: If these skulls are supposed to be showing signs of evolving—getting further away from the chimpanzee—why does this one seem to be more like the earlier skulls? Sounds like backwards evolution to me. &

"The cranium shows evidence of disease and wounds that occurred in the lifetime
of this individual. Ten of the upper teeth have cavities, and dental abscesses
of the upper jaw are clearly visible in the upper photograph (above the right
incisor/canine) and the middle photograph (above the first molar). Additionally,
a partially healed wound is visible in the bottom two photographs, above and
anterior of the hole for the ear."

Skulls J , K & L:
(A large gap in the fossil record admitted:)


"Neanderthals are known from Europe and western Asia from about 200,000 years to about 30,000 years ago, when they disappeared from the fossil record and were
replaced in Europe by anatomically modern forms."
&
"However, Neanderthals and modern humans (Homo sapiens) are very similar
anatomically -- so similar, in fact, that in 1964, it was proposed that
Neanderthals are not even a separate species from modern humans, but that the
two forms represent two subspecies: Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and Homo
sapiens sapiens."

My comment: …Or maybe they’re actually both regular humans, and this one is just an example of a person who had an abnormally shaped skull. I wonder, if we were to examine the skulls of everyone in existence today, don’t you think we’d come up with at least a few oddly shaped craniums? Also, isn’t it interesting that they’ve found four skulls that fit into this same category when (according to the theory) there must be literally thousands of other missing links in between for which they have found nothing? Could it be possible that this abnormally shaped skull isn’t so abnormal among regular humans as one might think?

Skull L:
"The origin of modern Homo sapiens is not yet resolved."

My comment: The jawbone seems to be missing entirely. From all appearances, it looks just like a fairly normal human skull—what’s left of it, that is.

Skull M: A regular human being just like you or me.

Obviously, there are many gaps and unknowns here. What, at first glance, looks like solid evidence, isn’t solid at all. It’s full of holes (just like many of the skulls). These skulls don’t answer a single question. In fact, they only bring up more. All in all, my point here is to show that belief in evolutionary theory (as the means by which humanity was created) is just as much of a faith system as Christianity. In fact, I think it requires a great deal more faith.

2 comments:

Anonymous said...

Evolution is a very nuanced subject that, well, I am tempted to say "that can be very difficult to understand." The fact is it is not so difficult to understand, but it is a subject that is very easy to make assumptions about. As a result most people only think they understand it. It is not what most people think, and it is not in any way in opposition to religion (in fact the Catholic church endorses it.) I would encourage you to read Stephen Jay Gould's "Ever Since Darwin" to get a good understanding of the theory. (When scientists say theory they mean a hypothesis that has been proven to be true.. like the theory of gravity. In common speech "theory" is usually used when one means "hypothesis", but scientists do not use the term theory to refer to a conjecture that is still under debate.)

I would also encourage you to read a paleoanthropology textbook like "Reconstructing Human Origins" by Glenn C. Conroy, or "The Human Career" by Richard G. Klein. These texts also explain natural selection very well,and cover human osteology. They will make clear to you why the fossil evidence at first looks muddled to the lay person only peeking in to the subject. Part of the problem is that to draw conclusions about fossils you have to look at many fossils and have a good understanding of the form and function. For instance, if you had never seen a dog or a cat and I showed you a chihuahua, a grey hound, a saint bernard and a siamese, you would have trouble picking out the cat, and would swear that the dogs were different animals altogether. It is only because you have a lot of experience looking at lots of dogs and lots of cats that you can draw them into separate categories while still understanding the diversity of the dogs. Luckily, human fossils are fascinating to study, and one of my favorite books on the topic is chock-full of life-sized beautiful photos (and the second edition has just come out!) It's called "From Lucy to Language" by Johanson and Edgar, and you can flip through it in any Barnes & Noble or Borders bookstore. It, for instance, has a series of modern human skulls that show clearly how diverse human skulls can be. You can compare these to one of the Neanderthal skulls and see immediately why they are classed in a different subspecies from human.. they are clearly outside of that variation.

Finally, talkorigins is a good site, here's the link to their faq, with further link to answers to all of your questions, but I do recomend the books first:
http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/faqs-qa.html

Good luck! I hope you find the topic as fasciating as I have.

S. E. Thomas said...

Thank you for your comment. Thank you also for the resources you suggested. I am already familiar with the Talk Origins site and will most likely be writing about it in the future, but will need to do some more digging first.

Let me clarify something: I'm not saying that evolution doesn't happen and that evolution is made-up science. No. What I'm saying is that to trust the process of evolution as being the means by which all life forms evolved from a single-celled organism is quite far-fetched. It takes a good deal of faith to believe such a thing, in my opinion--more faith than I'm presently willing to cough up.

Also, the problems with the evidence that I cited here were taken directly from the website mentioned. These are the problems they themselves mentioned. I didn't make them up, as you can see for yourself on their site.

However, despite our differing points of view, I surely appreciate your kindly worded comments and I hope you might be willing to visit again and comment on something else on this blog.